At the end of the study, all students were again tested with the same IQ test used at the beginning of the study. The bloomers' names were made known to the teachers. Teachers were told that some of their students (about 20% of the school chosen at random) could be expected to be "intellectual bloomers" that year, doing better than expected in comparison to their classmates. These scores were not disclosed to teachers. Īll students in a single California elementary school were given a disguised IQ test at the beginning of the study. Rosenthal argued that biased expectancies could affect reality and create self-fulfilling prophecies. This phenomenon is called the observer-expectancy effect. The authors purported that the study's results supported the hypothesis that performance can be positively or negatively influenced by the expectations of others. By the same token, if teachers were led to expect lower performance from children, then the children's performance would be diminished. Robert Rosenthal and Lenore Jacobson's study showed that children's performance was enhanced if teachers were led to expect enhanced performance from children. Within sociology, the effect is often cited with regard to education and social class. The idea behind the Pygmalion effect is that increasing the leader's expectation of the follower's performance will result in better follower performance. Rosenthal and Jacobson held that high expectations lead to better performance and low expectations lead to worse, both effects leading to self-fulfilling prophecy.Īccording to the Pygmalion effect, the targets of the expectations internalize their positive labels, and those with positive labels succeed accordingly a similar process works in the opposite direction in the case of low expectations. The psychologists Robert Rosenthal and Lenore Jacobson present a view that has been called into question as a result of later research findings in their book Pygmalion in the Classroom borrowing something of the myth by advancing the idea that teachers' expectations of their students affect the students' performance. The effect is named for the Greek myth of Pygmalion, the sculptor who fell so much in love with the perfectly beautiful statue he created that the statue came to life. The Pygmalion effect, or Rosenthal effect, is a psychological phenomenon in which high expectations lead to improved performance in a given area and low expectations lead to worse.
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